![]() ![]() difficulty falling asleep or sleeping too much. ![]() significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain and/or significant decrease or increase in appetite.To receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, one must experience at least a total of five symptoms of the following symptoms for at least a two-week period (in addition to having a depressed mood and a loss of interest in activities) these symptoms must cause significant distress or impair normal functioning, they must be a change from previous functioning, and they must not be caused by substances or a medical condition. Friends and family members may notice that the person has completely abandoned previously enjoyed hobbies for example, an avid tennis player who develops major depressive disorder no longer plays tennis (Rothschild, 1999). In addition to feeling overwhelmingly sad most of each day, people with depression will no longer show interest or enjoyment in activities that previously were gratifying, such as hobbies, sports, sex, social events, time spent with family, and so on. What Is Major Depressive Disorder?Īccording to the DSM-5, the defining symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) include “depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day” (feeling sad, empty, or hopeless or appearing tearful to others), and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities (APA, 2013). The most recognized of these disorders is bipolar disorder. When people experience mania, they may become extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously. Mania is a state of extreme elation and agitation. Depressive disorders vary by degree, but this module highlights the most well-known ones.īipolar and related disorders are a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature. The DSM-5 identifies several depressive disorders: major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, unspecified depressive disorder, or unspecified mood disorder. These individuals lose interest in activities once enjoyed, often experience a decrease in drives such as hunger and sex, and frequently doubt personal worth. Depressed people feel sad, discouraged, and hopeless. Depression is a heterogeneous mood state-it consists of a broad spectrum of symptoms that range in severity. Depression is a vague term that, in everyday language, refers to an intense and persistent sadness. Depressive disorders are a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature. The DSM-5 lists two general categories of mood disorders. ![]() Symptoms can range from the extreme sadness and hopelessness of depression to the extreme elation and irritability of mania. Mood disorders are characterized by massive disruptions in mood. People with mood disorders also experience mood fluctuations, but their fluctuations are extreme, distort their outlook on life, and impair their ability to function.įigure 1. At times, we feel fantastic or miserable for no clear reason. We become elated if our favorite team wins the World Series and dejected if a romantic relationship ends or if we lose our job. All of us experience fluctuations in our moods and emotional states, and often these fluctuations are caused by events in our lives. Mood disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions-most often depression, but also mania and elation (Rothschild, 1999). ![]() All these individuals demonstrate symptoms of a potential mood disorder. Maria recently had a baby and she feels overwhelmed, teary, anxious, and panicked, and believes she is a terrible mother for practically every day since the baby was born. Ava stays up all night, talks very rapidly, and went on a shopping spree in which she spent $3,000 on furniture, although she cannot afford it. Jacob cries all day and, feeling that he is worthless and his life is hopeless, he cannot get out of bed. Describe the symptoms and risk factors of major depressive disorder. ![]()
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